1984 and Metropolis Essay Essay

The statement â€Å"The object of intensity is power† is vigorously upheld by George Orwell’s 1949 novel ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s 1927 film ‘Metropolis’ through their intertextual associations and shared points of view. The two writings were made around the setting out of pre and post World War 2 which is plainly apparent through their settings, characterisation, topics and thoughts. Through Orwell’s and Fritz’s utilization of dystopic social orders, strengthening of ladies and negative autocracy decide it is unmitigated that George Orwell’s quote â€Å"The object of intensity is power† is firmly upheld by the intertextual associations and shared points of view of Orwell’s ‘1984’ and Lang’s ‘Metropolis’. Using Orwell’s and Lang’s intertextual associations of political change and shared viewpoints of dystopic social orders it becomes evident that the statement â€Å"The object of intensity is power† is unequivocally bolstered all through the two writings. The importance of this statement is additionally made bounteously clear inside the writings as the tyranny rulers inside the two writings secure force basically to have force and authority, rather than to benefit the individuals. This highlights overwhelmingly in the two messages through their common points of view on dystopic settings made clear by their utilization of imagery. In Orwell’s ‘1984’ just 2% of the masses lives in the ‘Inner Party’ while the other 98% is smothered inside the lower classes in either the ‘Outer Party’ or the ‘Proles’. This authoritarian, power based society is made dystopic by the staggering force and control displayed by the despot tyrant ‘Big Brother’. This is stressed through Orwell’s utilization of imagery in O’Brien’s words as he says â€Å"If you need an image of things to come, envision a boot stepping on a human face †for ever.† (pg 307) The imagery between the boot and elder sibling, and the human face and society underlines the suppressive idea of this autocracy rule, throwing the general public into oppressed world. This likewise shapes a relevant association with Nazi Germany’s take a stab at an autocracy society. This equivalent thought of a dystopic culture is embodied inside Lang’s film, ‘Metropolis’ through the concealment of the common laborers in ‘the depths’ by the ground-breaking expert, Joh Frederson. The common laborers in this film are compelled to persevere through anguishing work in incredibly perilous situations while the privileged, the ‘sons’ are allowed to live at their will. The dystopic setting of the ‘depths’ becomes evidentâ through Lang’s utilization of imagery when the dictator’s child, Freder, excursions to the profundities and begins to see the laborers being eaten up by the machines in the scene ‘Slaves of the Means of Production† (14.58-17.52). This represents the dystopic culture in which laborers don't reserve the privilege to be sheltered. This thought frames a relevant association with the 1920’s Weimar Republic where there were two particular classes, the preservationist tip top, who were allowed to live at their will, and the laborers who had to suffer work with no assurance for wellbeing. Through the logical associations of political change and the mutual points of view of tragic social orders the statement â€Å"the object of intensity is power† is unequivocally upheld by George Orwell’s ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s ‘Metropolis’. Additionally, the statement â€Å"the object of intensity is power† is likewise upheld by Orwell’s and Lang’s shared points of view of the revolting of ladies and the intertextual associations of the strengthening of ladies during the occasions these writings were made. This is made apparent using juxtaposition all through the two writings. In Orwell’s ‘1984’ the dystopic autocracy society is stifled into loving Big Brother and challenges not to step away from the control of the association. The female hero in the novel, Julia, anyway isn't as smothered as she drives the association into intuition and starts to defy them. This is seen inside exchange among her and Winston when she says â€Å"I’m degenerate to the bone.† This juxtaposition among her and the smothered masses diagrams her disobedience to the dictator intensity of the association. This connections in with the relevant association with the strengthening of ladies during the post World War 2 period because of ladies declining to surrender the force they had gained during the war. Correspondently, Lang likewise utilizes this common point of view of the revolting of ladies in his film, delineated through the character of Maria. Maria is shown as neither a resident of Metropolis nor a laborer in the profundities yet as a wellspring of confidence and disobedience for the smothered specialists of the profundities. Lang utilizes lighting to compare her from the laborers in the profundities, enlightening her while keeping them in shadowed tones. This juxtaposition underscores the insubordinate attitude of Maria against the despot of city, Joh Frederson. Despite the fact that Maria’s defiant nature is undeniably more tranquil than Julia’s, she still epitomisesâ the logical associations of the strengthening of ladies because of declining to surrender the force they had gained during World War 1. Through Orwell’s and Lang’s utilization of juxtaposition, it is obvious that the mutual points of view of the revolting of ladies and the intertextual associations of the strengthening of ladies because of declining to surrender the force they had obtained during the World Wars, unequivocally bolsters the statement â€Å"the object of intensity is power†. Proportionately, using Orwell’s juxtaposition and Lang’s imagery, the mutual points of view of the hindering effect of tyranny rule and the logical associations of political change are appeared to emphatically bolster the statement â€Å"the object of intensity is power†. In Orwell’s ‘1984’ the fascism rule of Big Brother in the authoritarianism society is appeared to condition the people, causing them to accept whatever the association wishes them to and bowing them at their will. This is generally noticeable in Big Brothers trademark â€Å"WAR IS PEACE. Opportunity IS SLAVERY. Obliviousness IS KNOWLEDGE.† This statement is seen on numerous occasions all through the novel and implies the complete force and control the association has among the individuals, driving them to accept the strange and consequently removing their mankind. Through this we can see both Orwell’s shared point of view on the impeding effect of autocracy rule and the intertextual association with political change as he says something against the tyranny of Nazi Germany during World War 2. Equivalently, Lang likewise shows his mutual point of view on the adverse effect of fascism, anyway he has done as such by the utilization of imagery. Lang has demonstrated how the all out intensity of fascism can be adverse to mankind by the manner by which the laborers move in the profundities. He demonstrates them to have inflexible, machine like developments representing their loss of their humankind to the ground-breaking fascism rule. This is found in the scene â€Å"Slaves of the Means of Production† (14.58-17.52). This additionally interfaces in with the intertextual associations of political change as it shows Lang’s endorsement for the legislature of the time, ‘the Weimar Republic’ and his objection to the old tyrant government of the Kaiser. Through Orwell’s utilization of juxtaposition and Lang’s imagery, it is clear that the mutual points of view of the adverse effect of fascism and the relevant associations of political change unequivocally bolster the statement â€Å"the object ofâ power is power†. The statement, â€Å"the object of intensity is power† is firmly bolstered by the common viewpoints and intertextual associations of George Orwell’s tale, ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s film, ‘Metropolis’. Using procedures, for example, imagery and juxtaposition the two writings fuse shared points of view of dystopic social orders, the revolting of ladies and the inconvenient effect of autocracy rule just as intertextual associations of political change and the strengthening of ladies. Through these common points of view and intertextual associates it is obvious that George Orwell’s quote, â€Å"the object of intensity is power† is unequivocally upheld in both George Orwell’s 1949 novel, ‘1984’ and Fritz Lang’s 1927 film, ‘Metropolis’.

Seasonal Affective Disorder :: essays research papers

Regular Affective Disorder      Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a typical issue of individuals living in northern United States. Individuals who are influenced by this issue regularly experience the ill effects of despondency, laziness, failure to focus, gorging what's more, weight gain. Individuals from the north will in general experience the ill effects of this issue in light of the abbreviated days. It shows up, that because of the lack of daylight a few people experience the ill effects of these side effects. The abbreviated days have a hormonal impact on the body that causes these indications, and the utilization of fake daylight is the most ideal approach to alleviate the confusion.      It was not as of not long ago that SAD was found. It was found by Dwindle Mueller, who was looking into an instance of a 29-year-elderly person. He had taken note an example, the woman’s sorrow came in the winters and left in the spring. Through the span of years the lady moved from city to city. Mueller took note, that the more remote north she moved the early the downturn. Mueller had started to guess that the absence of daylight had added to the women’s wretchedness. So as to affirm this he presented the patient to counterfeit daylight. He discovered that over some stretch of time the patient had recouped from the downturn. Today light treatment is the most regularly utilized strategy in treating SAD. The two hormones that are influenced by the daylight, and are believed to be the reason for SAD, are melatonin and serotonin. Both of these synthetic substances â€Å"are impacted by photoperiodism, the earth’s every day dim light cycle† (Wurtman 1989). Melatonin is the substance that impacts state of mind and vitality levels. In the human body melatonin is at its most elevated around evening time and is least in the day. There has been an investigation done to check whether daylight directly affects stifling melatonin. It is realized that melatonin levels in pee are multiple times higher at night than they are in the day. It was not until a recent report that it was known that melatonin levels could be straightforwardly smothered with light. In an investigation, subjects were woken up at two toward the beginning of the day and presented to a thirty minutes of counterfeit daylight. The discoveries were that melatonin levels were incredibly diminished. The decrease in melatonin as a rule occurs in the early morning, however in a SAD patient this doesn't happen until around two hours after the fact. So as to smother the levels the patient should be presented to daylight. It is found, that when the patient is presented to the light there is a critical reduction in melancholy and the hankering for sugars.

Grad School News Unemployed PhDs, Changing History Lessons

PhD Students Are In A Good Place- The Chronicle of Education reports that the Modern Language Association (MLA) expects 2,400 jobs to be posted with the group this academic year. While this number might sound good, it is still â€Å"near the historic low.† Unfortunately, there is a backlog of unemployed PhD students looking for tenured or tenure-track jobs and 2,400 jobs is not nearly enough. For some the answer is to look at community colleges, and for other it is a matter of what their discipline and subdiscipline are, since â€Å"theres no such thing as a single academic job market, and some scholars are more likely than others to get jobs.† How to Stop Being Like Ostriches- The Chronicle of Education examines how the American Historical Association is going about changing the way they educate their students. It is not just about telling students to prepare for fields outside of history, but about examining the training we offer. If we tell new students that a history Ph.D. opens many doors, we need to broaden the curriculum to ensure that were telling the truth. While History is already trying to change the way it educates, other fields are going to need to follow suite, because as one academic pointed out: If we continue to behave like ostriches, were dead. Non-tenure Track Professors May Get A Break- The Chronicle of Education reports that the new president of the Modern Language Association, Michael Bà ©rubà ©, plans on improving the current situation of non-tenured professors. He wants to reduce the amount of time students spend in graduate school as a means of decreasing student debt. Bà ©rubà © also plans on helping non-tenure-track faculty get access to campus resources and professional development as part of â€Å"building job security and professional dignity for non-tenure-track faculty who have been in their positions for a decade or more.† In addition, the new president hopes to improve classroom accommodations for students with disabilities and to transform scholarly communication so that it fits the digital age. Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Critical Essay Critical Nature - 1561 Words

Critical Nature Essay The word â€Å"critical† contains the making of negative judgement and careful evaluations. Criticism are widely applied to literary text and art making, and everyone has his/her own critical nature toward these works. At the same time, I am exploring and experiencing my own critical nature. Through my artworks and theories that I learned from Critical Inquiry class, I gradually developed a personal theory of how to think and work critically. (have problem with thesis As an artist who make wide range works, I do not see my art has a common theme in any specific field. However, my critical nature is clearly explained. I believe the title â€Å"art† refer to these works and literary texts which make a meaningful impact to human†¦show more content†¦British colonizers inculcate generations on the colonized land with British system of government and education, British culture, and British values that denigrate the culture, morals, and even physical appearance of formerly subjugated people. This kind of colonial domination is called cultural colonization. Also, the cultural conflicts happened in one country today can be caused by the double vision. Individuals who live under western system and teaching often suffer from double vision, which is, they perceive the world that is divided between two antagonistic cultures- that of the colonizer and that of the indigenous community. Likewise, the previous Nordicism that spread out by extreme western group is part cause for racism and white supremacy that are going on today. Such discriminations like racism, sexism, were influenced by these three concepts. These social conflicts are also commonly seen in literary texts and artworks. Colonization brought advantages to our society, such as tourism and communication. In contrast, cultural and race extinction should not be ignored. Many writers are struggling with their identity that caused by double vision and cultural colonization, and several of them chose to write their book in local language instead of English to save the local culture. Artists such as photographers add local cultural series to the exhibitions to bring up social awareness.Show MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagesof the struggle that nature endures to blossom into something that we can find divine. Nor do we think about the hours and passion that a writer may have put into that piece of literature we pick up and read. We are expectant creatures who complain when it’s too hot outside, not even thinking that, that warmth is keeping us alive, or we get mad when it rains too much, not appreciating it for keeping nature flourishing. Ralph Waldo Emerson talks of humans’ disdain for nature and how detached we haveRead More Critique of Robert Frost Essays928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Robert Frost and His Use of Barriers: Man vs. Nature Toward God,† Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. Reprinted by permission of The South Atlantic Quarterly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Robert Frost is considered by the casual reader to be a poet of nature like that of a Wordsworth. In a sense, his poetry is about nature, yet with strong underlying tones of the drama of man in nature. Frost himself stated, â€Å"I guess I’m not a nature poet,† â€Å" I have only written two without a humanRead MoreWoolf s Darkness : Embracing The Inexplicable Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesYet in Rebecca Solnit’s essay on Virginia Woolf, entitled Woolf’s Darkness: Embracing the Inexplicable, Solnit disagrees with this perception of the dark and on the contrary labels it as something to celebrate, using Woolf’s writing as evidence. Solnit frequently refers to Woolf in her writing as the basis for what she has to say and uses Woolf’s ideas to expand her own thinking. While there are many clear arguments being made by Solnit, it is unclear where Solnit’s essay as a whole is leading theRead MoreJohn Dryden884 Wo rds   |  4 PagesAbridged). Dryden wrote this essay as a dramatic dialogue with four characters representing four critical positions. The four critical positions are ancients verses moderns, unities, French verses English drama, separation of tragedy and comedy verses tragicomedy and appropriateness of rhyme in drama (Brysons). Neander is in favor of the moderns but he respects the ancients, he also favors English drama while having critical views towards French drama. In An Essay of Dramatic Poesy Dryden usedRead MoreSummary Of Wild Geese By Wendy Perkins916 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have to push through. â€Å"Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine/Meanwhile the world goes on† (Lines 5-6), Mary states that people are full of sorrow, but life goes on and a person’s imaginations continues to grow. In the critical essay written on, â€Å"Wild Geese† by Wendy Perkins, Wendy states, â€Å"In ‘Wild Geese,’ Oliver explores ho w we have been oppressed by these ‘constructions of culture’ and offers us fruitful, fresh alternatives† (1). Wendy is stating that, Mary was aware ofRead MoreEssay Harper1467 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Thinking as We See it In her 1999 work, Concepts and Tools in Critical Thinking, Linda Elder offers the following definition of critical thinking: â€Å"Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. People who think critically consistently attempt to live rationally, reasonably, and empathically. They are keenly aware of inherently flawed nature of human thinking when left uncheckedRead MoreReflection1644 Words   |  7 Pagesmistakes. I know that writing essays is my weakest point when it comes to scholar work. I tend to want to finish my work as fast as possible with little to no revision. Additionally, because of the want to finish fast, my sentence structure is weak and most of the time it doesn’t make any sense. My writing is often vague since I just want to finish, so I get straight to the point and ignore adding any details to the main points I am covering. But because I have revised every essay I wrote I have seen anRead MoreAnalyzing the Ideas of Locke and Hobbes on the State of Nature704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ One of the long pondered debates among political philosophers concerns the state of nature concept underlying much of social contract theory, with the esoteric term being used to describe the hypothetical human condition which logically preceded the institution of organized government. Engaging in a rigorous deconstruction of this hypothetical condition, one defined by a societal structure in which mans rights are not protected by the power of the state, provided political philosophers likeRead MoreHow to Construct Research Question1149 Words   |  5 PagesIB Extended Essay – Forming a Research Question Choice of topic The topic chosen must focus on the human past, be worthy of study, and lend itself to systematic investigation in line with the published assessment criteria. Essays that focus on events of the last 10 years are not acceptable, as these are regarded as current affairs, not history. It is not a requirement for the topic to be chosen from the Diploma Programme history course, but it must be acceptable to the supervisor. It shouldRead MoreTechnology Is Becoming More Accessible And Portable Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagesclassroom. On the other hand, others agree that technology offers sources of distraction, which undermine students’ ability of critical thinking. It is not true, however, that all the technology in classrooms has negative impacts. Thus, it is important to distinguish which kind of technology can help develop critical thinking skills among students. In order to cultivate critical thinking skills in classrooms, technology must be able to support the objectives of the theory of constructivist learning.

Poverty Is A Huge Problem Essay - 1416 Words

Poverty is a huge problem nowadays not only in the United states but all throughout the whole world. Poverty is not something that can be fixed easily it takes time and a lot of money. Many people may think they live in poverty but when in reality they have no idea what it feels like to be poor and not have enough. Poverty line is very low and individuals may not realize that. For example in 2015, 47 million people lived in poverty in the USA which means that the poverty rate last year was 15% which also means 2.3 percentage points higher than in 2007. This is the fourth consecutive year that the number of people in poverty has remained unchanged from the previous years, Many people may not realize what poverty is until the actually experience it and go through it, they won t actually understand how much it really means to have a plate of food everyday until they don t. This past year 48.1 million americans lived in food insecure households including 32.8 million adults and 15.3 million children as well. Poverty is caused by many different things. The central causes of poverty in America are stereotyping, separation from social activities, lack of knowledge, employment skills, and education. The most commonly known cause of poverty is the loss of jobs because of the drop in the economy. Substance abuse can cause poverty. A person will spend all of their money on drugs or alcohol, which leads to poverty. Around 40% or more of Americans are homeless because of an addiction.Show MoreRelatedPoverty Is Not A Country Exclusive Issue1164 Words   |  5 Pages Poverty, what is it? Poverty cannot be defined by just one definition. Poverty is a serious worldwide issue that is affecting all of our lives in the world. In Fact,Did you know nearly half of the world’s population, more than three billion people, live on less than two dollars and fifty cents a day. Just think, If you were given that same budget could you survive? Would you be able to live the same lifestyle that you do? The answer is most likely no and this is a mind blowing statistic. StaticsRead MorePoverty701 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty is like a disease with no definitive cure. It is plaguing our earth and infecting millions of people worldwide. Poverty is affecting children’s education and changing their future. There are also two other big problems. In the documentary, â€Å"The Dust Bowl†, farmers and their families, from the 1930’s, have to try to brave through the huge storms of dust coming towards them and the hardships that follow. North K orea is a dangerous place to live in and escape from with a cruel dictator in chargeRead MoreEssay Poverty: A Silent Killer1050 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty is a major issue in our world today where people cannot afford the basic necessities required to survive. Approximately 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry each night. 1 With the world’s population being approximately 6.8 billion this is approximately 17.64% of the worlds population. 2 While trying to earn money to survive, people in poverty are exposed to crowded living conditions which result in an increased exposure to contagious and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and malariaRead MorePoverty And Poverty : Poverty1662 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty for centuries has been a very severe issue that has troubled many nations while impeding economic developments and progress. Poverty stricken countries are majorly concentrated in the continents of Africa and Asia. Continents like the Americas and Europe have globally been recognized as been wealthier yet still many parts of these ostensible countries face massive cases of poverty. Most at times, countries with high populations owing to high birth rates face the most casesRead MoreEssay on Persuasive Speech Outline1636 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience to fight world hunger and poverty through child sponsorship programs. Central Idea: The world has a huge problem with poverty and hunger and this problem could be immensely downsized if everyone that has a little extra money sponsors a child. Pattern of Organization: Problem-Solution Introduction I. (Attention Getter): How many of you see poverty and hunger as a problem in our world? How many of you think that you cannot feasibly help solve this problem? II. (Reveal Topic): A lotRead MoreHealth Of Health And Global Health1460 Words   |  6 PagesOne could agree that health plays a huge role in society. The definition for health can be broad and covers not only the biology part many refer to. Health covers the physiology and sociology factors as well. There are two different types of health that can be seen interchangeably because they both focus on improving ones health. Public health and Global health are both equally important in society. Public health focuses on a specific population or communities where as global health focus on healthRead MoreThe Effect of Poverty on Childrens Lives1172 Words   |  5 Pages‘Poverty is not just a disadvantaged and insecure economic condition, it is also understood in terms of how people in poverty interact with the wider society’. (Combat Poverty Agency, 2008, p3). Lack of money results in people not being able to adapt to the norm and socialise with others which has a huge effe ct how people are treated in their everyday life. This leads to isolation, shame and unacceptable living conditions which has a huge impact on the child’s life. (Combat Poverty Agency, 2008)Read MorePoverty And Its Effects On Our Planet Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesappear to be. That is why I want to discuss world’s Poverty with you, how it affects each country, how it is being attacked, and ways it can be rid off if followed to correct path starting with investing in our people’s mind. Many articles are going to be mentioned involving several subtopics as us poverty, global poverty, Latin poverty, end of poverty, child poverty, etc. First we will discuss the problems and facts about how important poverty is and its effects on our planet. Then we will continueRead MorePoverty Of The United States1529 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is an important issue in the United States. In fact, child poverty in the US is at its highest point in 20 years. [Flores Lesley, 2014] The poor are at a disadvantage, because they have an unfulfilled right to a good education. A majority of children attending public schools come from low-income families. It is hypothesized that a low household income correlates with poor achievement in school. A solution to poverty is for everyone to have a good education so everyone can be equallyRead MorePoverty And Children : The Challenges That Welfare Workers Face1497 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty and children: the challenges that welfare workers face Hope Kriegel Paper Outline 8/7/16 Children in Poverty Approximately 15 million children in the United States are living below the federal poverty threshold. Research shows that families need an income of twice the amount of the federal poverty threshold (NCCP, 2014). Sadly 44% of children live in low-income families here in the United States. Poverty is the greatest threat to children’s well-being (NCCP, 2014). Public Policies

Appear Other Segment Of The Fringe Benefit â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Appear Other Segment Of The Fringe Benefit? Answer: Introducation A residual fringe benefit takes place when an employer renders services or the property utilization to an employee that does not appear in any other segment of the fringe benefit. It needs to be noted that exemption can be availed where the employer provides a no private use declaration and various other situations (Barcokzy, 2010). A residual fringe benefit surrounds the services provided by the employer like travel or any manual work, or the utilization of property. If the advantages consist of goods, as well as services then the component of goods is valued as a property fringe benefit and services component are tagged as a residual fringe benefit (ANU, 2017). On the other hand, if the goods supply is major to the services, the management of repairs involves the spare support supply, the advantages can be considered totally as a residual fringe benefit. Fringe benefit contains benefit on the employers behalf and to another person on the employees behalf. The taxable value of FBT of the residual advantage is computed in a different manner that depends on whether it constitutes an external scenario or an in-house benefit. The otherwise rule of deduction applies to reduce the value of taxation provided the required validation is satisfied (Kenny, 2016). Taxable value can be denoted as the benefits cost price that means the market value where the benefit will be deductible otherwise and even declined by the contribution of the employee (ANU, 2017). For example, a 25%reduction will be present when the benefit pertains to an in house benefit. To ensure that exposure is not provided to fringe benefits in tune to the residual fringe benefits, specific items that are utilized in the performance of the activities of employees must be provided to the employees. Following are the exempt benefits The utilization of the equipment of the office for the activities of the employment apart from the motor vehicles by an employee. This reflects that when the equipment is utilized in contrast to the motor vehicles that constitutes exempt benefits (Fullerton et. at, 2017). Home accommodation is given to an employee that is needed for the purpose of work so that one can stay at his/her usual residence. There are various categories that define the residual fringe benefits. The below mentioned are the categories for the residual fringe benefits: Loan for equipment Granting of the loan (equipment) like computer, instruments of music for the private purpose for a longer time span. Employees benefits Payment made by the employee for the child education. This benefit pertains to the off-campus center of child care. Private travel When a travel is arranged for the employee on a regular basis. It pertains to the employee that includes travel insurance. Organization for private travel for the employee or family Sponsor A grant of access to the sporting or theatrical events on a continuous basis. This reflects that the entertainment is provided to the employee and that will come under the categorization of residual fringe benefits References ANU. (2017). Residual fringe benefits. Accessed September 13, 2017, from https://services.anu.edu.au/financial-management/taxation/residual-fringe-benefits Barcokzy, S. (2010). Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Ltd Fullerton, I.G, Deutsch, R, Friezer, M.L, Hanley, P Snape, T. (2017). The Australian Tax Handbook Tax Return Edition 2017. Thomson Reuters: Australia Kenny, B. V. (2016). Australian Tax 2016. Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia

Violence In Modern Colombia Takes Place In Many Forms. The Three Major

Violence in modern Colombia takes place in many forms. The three major categories are crime, guerrilla activities, and attacks committed by drug traffickers. Violence has become so widespread and common in Colombia that many people have now become numb to it. The Colombian economy has also benefited from the illicit drug trade; however violent it may be. During the 1970s, Colombia became well known, as one of the world's most important drug processing, production, and distribution centers for marijuana and cocaine. The shrubs and plants from which both drugs are derived from and processed has been well known in Colombia for centuries, but until the 1970s drug refiners and traffickers had not taken full advantage. The chewing of coca leaves was very well known in the South American Inca Empire in the 11th century. The Incas, the Colombian Chibchas and other local ethnic groups have always attributed mythical and religious power to the bush and to the alkaloids that were extracted by its leaves by chewing on them. The existence of a drug, cocaine, which could be chemically extracted from large volumes of leaves was not discovered until 1884 by an Austrian ophthalmologist. Marijuana is a drug extracted from hemp, a plant from which coarse fibers are also obtained for the manufacture of cloth, cordage, and sacking. The development of marijuana in Colombia took place in the mid 1940s during the administration of President Mariano Ospina Perez. The government at this time imported various fibers producing species from different parts of the world in an attempt to improve the postwar textile industry. The imported fiber plant included cannabis sativa (hemp) from Asia, and jute and sisal from Mexico. The Ministry of Agriculture was distributing these plants throughout the countryside of Colombia, and peasants and farmers were encouraged to plant them. During this same period, the consumption of marijuana was beginning to become a problem among the Bohemians in Medellin. As a result of this increasing drug problem, especially among the Bohemian members of the middle and upper class, on March 11, 1946, the Ospina administration passed the nation's first anti- drug law, Decree No. 896. This law prohibited the cultivation, distribution, and sale of coca and marijuana, and ruled that all local and regional governments had to destroy all coca and marijuana plantations (Osterling). Colombia has not always been a violent country. It should be noted that in the past, Colombia experienced periods of peace and tranquillity. During this time, the levels of violence were lower than many European and American Countries. Colombia has gained international fame as one of the major centers in the world for drug trafficking. Anytime a country has a problem with drug trafficking, crime is always high. In 1973, homicide was the seventh highest cause from death, but since has become the first since 1990. More than 165,000 have had a violent death between 1980 and 1990. During this decade, the homicide rate was 77.5% per 100,000 people. In comparison, the United States has been regarded as a violent country, but yet the homicide rate was only 8.0%. Contributing to this violence in Colombia is the possession of firearms. Colombians possess more than three million firearms, and more than half is possessed illegally. This adds greatly to the crime and violence in Colombia (Posada -Carbo). It is extremely difficult to measure the magnitude, type, and location of violence in Colombia. Another problem in measuring the amount of violence is that not all violent cases are reported. It must also be noted that any media report of violence must also be read with caution; for it may or may not have occurred. Violence seems to be a nationwide phenomenon. Almost all aspects of the Colombian population experience some degree of violence. Almost everybody is a potential victim; violence does not prefer a particular socioeconomic class, profession, race, or ethnic group. However, some geographical locations have been more prone to violence. The entire Cauca River Valley, including the cities of Cali and Medellin, and the areas between southern Cundinamarca, southeast Tolima, and northeast Haila, seem to have been the most violent (Chepesiak). According to some Colombian observers, intimidation and revenge has caused many to look the other way when violence occurs. It has also cause many